Allergies

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Treatment for rhinitis and allergic asthma

Treatment for rhinitis and allergic asthma 1920 1080 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

 

Rhinitis and allergic asthma are diseases that are characterized by the presence of very annoying symptoms such as nasal obstruction, frequent sneezing, runny nose, cough and shortness of breath. All these symptoms affect the quality of life of patients who suffer from them.

What treatments exist to treat allergy symptoms?

Specialists in Allergology can offer 2 lines of treatment. On the one hand, we have symptomatic treatment and on the other, specific treatment. The first, as its name indicates, seeks to relive the symptoms caused by respiratory allergies. These include oral antihistamines, nasal sprays, bronchial inhalers, and eye drops.

The second line, the specific treatment, acts on the cause of the problem, the response of the immune system to allergens (mites, pollens, fungi, epithelium, etc.) to which we are “allergic”. This treatment is Specific Immunotherapy, also known as “allergy shots”.

Depending on the intensity and frequency of the symptoms and the impact on quality of life, specialists in Allergology can recommend one or the other line of treatment, even indicate both, since they are compatible with each other and their combination increases their potency.

What is the difference between oral antihistamines and nasal spray?

Oral antihistamine is the most well-known treatment for treating the symptoms of rhinitis. It is the first step of treatment and in many cases it is enough to control the symptoms. The benefit of taking them is because oral antihistamines reduce the itchy nose, sneezing, and runny nose.

The vast majority of nasal sprays contain corticosteroids which make them a more potent medication than oral antihistamines. Due to this greater potency they are considered the second step of treatment. In addition to reducing symptoms such as antihistamines, the  nasal spray has greater ability to control nasal congestion. Unlike oral antihistamines, which achieve their maximum benefit within a few hours, the nasal spray requires a longer time to obtain 100% of its effect. For this reason it is advised to use it for days or weeks.

If I am already taking oral antihistamines, can I also use the nasal spray?

Oral antihistamines and  nasal spray are compatible with each other. Depending on the intensity and frequency of the symptoms, specialists in Allergology can recommend one or the other and even, in cases with very annoying symptoms, use both at the same time. Currently there are nasal sprays that in addition to corticosteroids include antihistamines in their formulation which enhances their effect.

Is it bad to use nasal spray with corticosteroids for long periods of time?

There is a certain generalized fear in the population, not very well founded, about the use of corticosteroids. Although continuous use of corticosteroids, especially oral or intramuscular corticosteroids, for long periods of time at high doses can trigger side effects, nasal corticosteroids, such as those found in most nasal sprays, rarely produce these side effects.

The advantage of nasal sprays containing corticosteroids is that they are applied directly to the site to be treated, the nasal mucosa. This way of application turns them into topical corticosteroids, similar to creams or ointments. The nasal topical administration route allows to significantly reduce the dose, as well as the effect on other organs. Despite this, some patients report nasal dryness and in a few cases bleeding. Both mild symptoms that can be controlled by reducing the frequency of the spray or moisturizing the nasal mucosa.

What about the use of Utabon ®, Respibien ® and Respir ®?

Utabon ®, Respibien ® and Respir ® are nasal decongestants and their use is not indicated in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. These nasal sprays work by decreasing blood flow to the nasal mucosa. They have little effect on itchy nose, mucus discharge, and sneezing. Their continuous administration for more than 2-3 days can reduce their potency and produce dependence on them due to a rebound effect after their withdrawal. In addition, they can atrophy and deform the nasal mucosa.

What treatments are available for allergic asthma?

Like rhinitis, allergic asthma is an inflammatory process of the airways, only in this case it is the lower airway (lungs). In general terms, the treatment of allergic asthma is similar to that of allergic rhinitis, controlling the inflammation with topical treatments (bronchial inhalers).

In the case of allergic asthma, the use of bronchodilators such as Salbutamol (Ventolin ®) is frequent (and even excessive). This type of inhaler, as its name already indicates, dilates the bronchus, but does not act on inflammation. Every day its use is more limited and it is only recommended in cases of crisis, as rescue medication, or in asthma induced by physical exercise. For the rest of the cases, inhalers containing inhaled corticosteroids are preferred. In the same way that corticosteroid nasal sprays act only on the nasal mucosa, bronchial inhalers have an effect exclusively on the bronchial mucosa, so their side effects are very limited.

What are “allergy shots”?

“Allergy shots”, whose correct name is Specific Immunotherapy, is currently the only treatment capable of reducing the intensity and frequency of symptoms, reducing the consumption of medication (oral antihistamines, nasal sprays, bronchial inhalers, etc.), improve the response to these and in many cases allow the coexistence between the patient and the allergens (mites, pollens, dander) responsible for their symptoms.

“Allergy shots” is the specific treatment of respiratory allergy. Unlike symptomatic treatment (oral antihistamines, nasal sprays, bronchial inhalers and eye drops) which only reduces symptoms, Specific Immunotherapy modifies the immune system of the patient who receives it. Its administration seeks to control and reduce the response (hyperresponse/hypersensitivity) of the immune system that is generated when the patient is exposed to what he is allergic to.

The main objective of Specific Immunotherapy is to create a state of “tolerance” in which the patient does not develop symptoms despite being in contact with the allergens (mites, pollens, fungi, dander, etc.) responsible for their allergy. To achieve this goal, Specific Immunotherapy requires doses at frequent intervals over several years. In the case of subcutaneous Specific Immunotherapy, better known as “allergy vaccine”, it involves small doses of the allergens to which one is allergic, which are administered by injecting the lateral face of the arm, into the fat under the skin (subcutaneous cellular tissue), monthly for 3 to 5 years.

There are other forms of administration of Specific Immunotherapy, such as the sublingual route (drops or tablets) or intradermal (injections into the most superficial layers of the skin). All of them require frequent time intervals and at least 3 years of treatment.

Are “allergy shots” compatible with oral antihistamines and nasal spray?

Both symptomatic treatment (oral antihistamines, nasal spray, bronchial inhalers, etc.) and specific treatment (Specific Immunotherapy) are mutually compatible. In fact, in the first months of Specific Immunotherapy it is advisable to continue with the usual symptomatic medication. The state of “tolerance” sought with Specific Immunotherapy takes time to be reached and until such this state is achieved it is advisable to keep symptoms under control with symptomatic medication. In addition, it has been shown that as more and more doses of Specific Immunotherapy are accumulated, this reduces the need, both in dose and frequency, for symptomatic medication. That is, both treatments used together allow better and faster control of symptoms.

Does the allergy have a cure?

No, there is no cure for respiratory allergy. Despite advances in Allergology, allergic patients will always remain allergic despite the treatment (symptomatic or specific) they carry out. But being allergic doesn’t mean having symptoms.

Currently specialists in Allergology can offer treatments that create “tolerance” in allergic patients. That is, we can ensure that the allergic patient can live with those allergens (mites, pollens, fungi, dander, etc.) responsible for their allergy without developing symptoms. This “tolerance” is independent of the result of the skin tests (prick test) or determination of specific antibodies, remember, the patient is still allergic, but no longer has significant symptoms.

From ClinicAL we hope to have provided information on the treatment of rhinitis and allergic asthma, treatment with different lines whose ultimate goal is to improve the quality of life of allergic patients.

Recuerda solicitar la valoración de tu alergólogo si presentas síntomas al inicio de la primavera, desde CliniCAL esperamos haber aportado información sobre la alergia a polen de platanero.

Escríbenos

Dr. Federico de la Roca Pinzón
Médico Especialista en Alergología
ClinicAL

  • Jaritzy Negrín González
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Plane tree pollen allergy

Plane tree pollen allergy 1920 1080 Jaritzy Negrín González

What is the plane tree?

It is a leafy tree belonging to the Platanaceae family, known as shade plane tree (Platanus hispanica), also called Platanus hybrida or Platanus acerifolia.
In Spain it is considered an urban tree. It has been cultivated in groups or lined up along promenades and avenues. It can reach heights above 30 meters. It has a fast growth and tolerates polluted atmospheres such as those of some Spanish cities. It is estimated that under suitable conditions it can live up to 300 years.

Alergia a polen de platanero

How is it constituted?

It has large leaves, wider than long, arranged alternately, with 3-5 lobes. It has a hard, light, resistant and fine-grained wood that can be used in cabinetmaking and veneer. Its male and female flowers are on the same tree in a grouped way and hang on long peduncles. The fruit is a wedge-shaped achene grouped radially in spherical infrutescences as balls.

What is its use?

Its main use is ornamental, as a shade tree. During the last decades it is possibly the most introduced tree species in the alignments of towns and cities. This is due to its rapid growth, wide and dense crown, and low acquisition cost.
The plane tree is found in many Spanish cities being Barcelona and Madrid where their number is significantly higher. This is because in both cities it has been imposed as an alignment tree. The greater number of plane trees in these cities are directly related to the increase in allergic symptoms due to their pollination.

When does it pollinate?

The pollination of the plane tree is explosive at the beginning of spring, from March to May according to the latitude, climate and weather conditions of each city. In Barcelona, especially the second half of March and the first half of April.
A tree can release 143 billion grains of pollen. In 2013, in Barcelona, there was a high concentration of banana pollens reaching levels of 48,626 grains/m3 of air (data from the Aerobiology Committee of the Spanish Society of Allergology).

Has climate change affected their pollination?

The increase in global temperature due to climate change and the decrease in average temperature in the winter months is producing a delay in the onset of pollination and therefore a delay in completion, without modifying its pollination period.

What symptoms may you have?

The clinical symptoms associated with plane tree pollinosis are rhinoconjunctivitis and seasonal asthma that begins abruptly a few days after pollination begins.
The pollen level from which it is considered capable of producing symptoms in sensitized people is 130 grains/m3 of air.

Alergia polen platanero sintomas

If you are allergic to plane tree pollen, can you have food allergies?

Yes, but it doesn’t happen to everyone.
Patients with allergy to plane tree pollen may have food allergy to fruits (peach, apple, kiwi, melon), nuts (hazelnut, peanut) and vegetables (lettuce, green beans) among others; probably related to sensitization to LTP (Lipid transfer protein) which is a common allergen of plane trees and such foods.

Remember to request the assessment of your allergist if you present symptoms at the beginning of spring, from CliniCAL we hope to have provided information about plane tree pollen allergy.

Contact us

Dra. Jaritzy Negrín González
Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Allergy to cypress pollen

Allergy to cypress pollen 1800 1201 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

Cypresses are the oldest plants that exist on Earth. In Spain there are several species of cypress, of which the most important are the common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), the Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica) and the Monterrey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa).

What species of cypress is the most frequent?

The common cypress is the most widespread, well-known species and also the tallest of all. It is also the longest-lived species, being able to live more than 500 years. There are two varieties of common cypress, the most frequent is the narrow crown, almost columnar. It is characterized by its vertical growth. This variety is very common to find in cemeteries, monasteries and churches.

In our area the most frequent species is the common cypress. This is partly due to the fact that it is native to the eastern Mediterranean and to the fact that in recent years its presence as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens and hedges in homes has increased.

Why does cypress pollen cause allergy?

Pollen is the male spore of plants and contains all the genetic information needed to complete fertilization. Pollen also has allergenic proteins. These are inside but can escape into the atmosphere by passing through their pores and micropores or by breaking the pollen itself.

Pollens after release (pollination) are suspended in the atmosphere at the mercy of the wind. This facilitates their transport from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. If pollen, or its allergenic proteins, comes into contact with allergic patients, it can cause respiratory allergy symptoms. Windy days, rain and thunderstorms favor the breakdown of pollen by increasing exposure to allergenic proteins.

When do cypress trees pollinate?

Cypress trees can pollinate at almost any time of the year, but late winter to early spring is considered to be the most pollinated months. In our area it is common to find high levels of cypress pollen between February and March.

In general, pollen is usually affected by the “sweeping” effect produced by rainfall, but in the case of cypress pollen its levels tend to be higher in years with more rainfall.

Is allergy to cypress pollen common in our area?

No, allergy to cypress pollen is not very common in our area. In the case of allergic rhinitis, it is the fourth most important pollen in Catalonia, far behind the pollen of grasses, plane trees and olive trees. It is estimated that in our area cypress pollen is responsible for 22% of cases of allergic rhinitis and 14% of cases of allergic asthma.

What symptoms does cypress pollen allergy produce??

The symptoms of allergy to cypress pollen are respiratory: rhinitis and asthma.

Patients with rhinitis have sneezing, nasal itching, liquid mucus and nasal congestion. Symptoms appear during the day, especially in open environments. Symptoms usually subside at night, or indoors. Pollen can also affect the eyes causing itching, redness and tearing (allergic rhinoconjuntivitis). Some patients may also have asthma symptoms, such as cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing.

Patients allergic to cypress pollen usually have more severe symptoms than those patients allergic to other types of pollens.

What can I do to avoid cypress pollen?

he best measure is to stay indoors for as long as possible during the days of greatest pollination.

At home, do not open the windows first thing in the morning or when the sun goes down. Try not to hang clothes outside, especially on days of high exposure, since pollen can get trapped in the clothes. It is preferable to wash the pollen from the terraces rather than collect it.

When you go outside, wear sunglasses so that pollen cannot come into contact with your eyes. Avoid outdoor activities first thing in the morning and late in the afternoon. If you are going to be outdoors for a long time, when exposure levels are high, the use of masks (FPP2) is recommended.

When traveling by car, do so with the windows closed. Use anti-pollen filters in the air conditioning of the car.

Cypresses, unlike other trees, can produce pollen from the foot of the plant to the top. Pollen is grouped into small brown sacs located at the ends of the branches. It is for this reason that pruning before the pollination season can reduce exposure if you live in close contact with these trees.

How does pollution and climate change affect cypress pollen?

Greenhouse gases (CO2, NO2, etc.) are increasing the global temperature. The increase in temperature is producing pollens with more allergenic proteins. The absence of rain is bringing forward the pollination season.

In the particular case of cypress pollen, the increase in temperature during the winter is producing an earlier pollination. In pollen collectors it is increasingly common to find broken pollen grains which suggests that patients are increasingly exposed to greater amounts of allergenic proteins. There are studies that have shown that these allergenic proteins could be modified due to pollution-induced stress creating more reactive proteins, with greater capacity to induce allergy symptoms.

From ClinicAL we hope to have provided information about allergy to cypress pollen, a very frequent allergy in the last weeks of winter and early spring.

Contact with ClinicAL

Dr Federico de la Roca
Especialista en Alergología.
ClinicAL

  • Jaritzy Negrín González
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Pet Allergy

Pet Allergy 1920 1280 Jaritzy Negrín González

Cats and dogs are pets that frequently cause allergies, they can produce:

1. respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, itchy nose, runny nose, shortness of breath or wheezing (rhinitis or asthma).

2. ocular symptoms such as redness, itching and tearing (conjunctivitis), and

3. skin symptoms as itching and redness (pruritus and erythema).

All animals with hair or feathers can cause allergies: cats, dogs, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, horses, rats, mice, cows, birds, or even scaled animals such as reptiles.

The prevalence of allergy to exotic animals has increased in recent years, for example: rodents (mouse, guinea pig and gerbils) mammals (ferrets and monkeys) reptiles (snakes and iguanas) exotic birds (parrot and cockatoos).

Where are allergens found in animals?

Animal allergens are found in: dander, saliva, urine, hair or feathers. Dandruff is the desquamated epithelium of animals, it constantly detaches and remains floating in the air, while hair tends to fall, which is why it is more common to find it on the floor or on the surfaces of furniture (sofa, shelves, bed). , etc.). It is for this reason that the main cause of animal allergy symptoms is the dander that is floating in the environment where the pet resides, rather than the hair itself. The short-haired or hairless animal is falsely considered “non-allergenic.”

The removal of the animal is not a short-term solution, the allergen (especially dander or hair) can persist in the home for weeks or months. It is for this reason that people allergic to animals can present symptoms when they are in environments where pets live, even if they are not present at that time.

Who may have an allergy to animals?

Sensitization to animals occurs through continuous exposure living with the pet, but also in professionals such as veterinarians or people who work in research with animals.

Is there treatment?

Yes, the first thing we advise is the avoidance of the allergenic source, that is, contact with the animal. There are also treatments such as specific immunotherapy (allergy shot) to cats, dogs and horses.

If you have any respiratory, ocular or skin symptoms when you are in contact with an animal you should go to your Allergy Specialist to carry out the pertinent study and assess which is the best treatment to control your symptoms or if you can benefit from an “allergy shot”.

Allergy to cats

Within the allergy to pets is one of the most frequent. Symptoms can be nasal (rhinitis), bronchial (asthma), ocular (conjunctivitis), cutaneous (itching) or coexist several symptoms at once. The onset of symptoms can occur due to direct (and close) contact with the pet, such as living in the same home or exposure to an environment where pets reside. In this case, if sensitization is high (“very allergic”) symptoms may occur within minutes, even if the pet is notpresent. Symptoms can also be caused by indirect contact, such as contact with clothing that can carry allergens (dandruff, hair or secretions). This is very common in winter and shared work environments or classrooms where warm clothes carry dandruff or hair and thus expose other colleagues to these allergens.

Up to 8 allergens have been identified in the cat, the most important and majority is Fel d1. This allergen is excreted by the sebaceous glands and accumulates in the skin and dandruff. It can be found in smaller amounts in saliva, lacrimal and perianal glands. Male cats have higher levels of Fel d1 than females.

Allergy to dogs

Like the cat, dog allergy is a common allergy. 6 allergens have been identified, which are found in dandruff, urine and saliva, the majority being Can f1 and Can f5. Male dogs have more Can f5 than females. As a curiosity this allergen presents cross-reactivity with the human prostate antigen, so it has been involved as a cause of allergy to human semen in sexual relations of women previously sensitized to dog.

To this day there is not enough data to apply the name “hypoallergenic” to any breed of dog.

Any doubs?

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Dra. Jaritzy Negrín González
Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Bees and Wasps

Bees and Wasps 2560 1627 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

Bees and wasps belong to the insect order Hymenoptera. These get their name from their characteristic membranous wings. In the case of bees and wasps, there are 2 pairs of wings, the later ones being a little smaller than the previous ones. From an allergological point of view, their importance lies in the fact that they are responsible for the vast majority of allergic reactions due to insect bites.

Are bees and wasps dangerous insects?

No, both bees and the different species of wasps that inhabit the Iberian Peninsula are not considered dangerous insects. Although they can adopt an aggressive attitude, this usually only happens when they feel threatened, especially if we get too close to their nests.

Why do bees and wasps sting?

The bite of these insects is a defense measure rather than an attack. In many cases it can be a deterrent sting to prevent us from approaching the nest. If this measure does not work, the attitude can be more aggressive, thus leading to multiple bites by more than one insect at a time. This is what happens with wasps, which can sting more than once.

In the case of bees, they can only sting once since after the sting they die. This is because when the stinger is left at the site of the sting, it detaches from the insect, tearing its abdomen. After the sting, the bee dies by evisceration.

Are bee and wasp stings common?

Sí, al ser insectos que conviven en nuestro entorno las picaduras de abejas y avispas son frecuentes. Se estima que al menos el 56 al 94% de la población adulta ha sido picado alguna vez a lo largo de su vida por alguno de estos insectos

What types of reactions does the bite of these insects produce?

Reactions from bee and wasp stings can be divided according to the type of reaction between allergic and non-allergic, and according to the intensity of the reaction in local or systemic.

Most of the reactions that occur after the sting of a bee or wasp is a non-allergic reaction, which in most cases is a local reaction. These reactions are due to the components of the venom itself. An inflammatory reaction is observed at the sting site, characterized by edema (swelling), redness, and pain. The inflammation does not usually exceed 10 cm in diameter and usually subsides between 24 and 48 hours after the sting.

In the case of allergic reactions, these are rare, and only occur in people who have previously developed an immune response to the poison. These reactions are not due exclusively to the compounds of the venom but to the immune response that they produce in the person who suffers the sting.

Allergic reactions can be local or systemic depending on the intensity of the immune response to the poison. Symptoms of allergic local reactions are similar to non-allergic ones. If the edema and redness (inflammatory reaction) extend over 10 cm in diameter, covers 2 joints and persists for more than 24-48 hours, it is considered an extensive local reaction. In general, local reactions, even in allergic patients, are not severe.

Systemic reactions are rare, but they are the most severe. After the sting, in addition to the local inflammatory reaction, patients allergic to the venom may experience skin symptoms such as itching and “wheals” all over the body (acute urticaria), abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting, respiratory distress, low blood pressure (hypotension) and loss of consciousness (syncope). The presence of hypotension or syncope after a bee or wasp sting indicates that the patient is suffering from anaphylactic shock and requires immediate emergency attention since her life is in danger.

How does an allergic reaction differ from one that is not?

In general, the difference is established by the intensity of the symptoms. If it is limited to a local inflammatory reaction at the site of the sting that does not exceed 10 cm in diameter, it is very likely that we are facing a non-allergic local reaction. If the inflammation extends more than 10 cm in diameter or if it includes any other symptoms such as generalized itching, abdominal discomfort, respiratory distress or loss of consciousness, the probability that the patient is allergic is very high.

How do I know if I’ve been bitten by a bee or a wasp?

It is common for patients to have been stung by an insect, but cannot identify it, either because they did not see it at the time of the sting or because they cannot differentiate a bee from a wasp (or any other insect). If at the site of the sting the stinger is observed it is very likely that the insect responsible is a bee. Bees die after the sting so a bee can only sting once. If several bites are suffered at once and none of them shows the stinger, it is very likely that the sting is due to wasps.

How do I know if I am allergic to bee venom or wasp venom?

Whenever an allergic reaction to bee or wasp venom is suspected, an allergy specialist should be consulted. The symptoms that were had after the sting provide a lot of information about the type of reaction presented. If the symptoms are compatible with an allergic reaction, specific blood tests are carried out, as well as skin tests with the venoms of bees and wasps. These last tests are not exempt from risk, so they should only be carried out by experienced personnel and in facilities suitable for them. They are not tests that are performed routinely in outpatient clinic. As a whole, the information on the reaction after the sting, the values ​​of the blood tests and the results of the skin tests allow to diagnose those patients allergic to the venom of bees or wasps of those who are not.

If I am allergic to wasp venom, am I also allergic to bee venom?

No, generally not. Although some of the venom components of wasp venom are similar to that of bees, it is rare for a person allergic to wasp venom to be allergic to bee venom as well. It is more common to be allergic to two different species of wasps.

How are local sting reactions treated?

The first thing is to remove the stinger, if any. In bees, the stinger is attached to the sac that contains the venom, so even if the insect is dead, the sac can continue to release venom and introduce it into the skin through the stinger. Next, it is advisable to wash the bite sting and thus avoid the risk of future infections. Depending on the intensity of the symptoms, a topical corticosteroid cream and local cold (ice) can be applied. Oral antihistamines and corticosteroids are recommended if the discomfort is very intense or in case of extensive reactions. Massaging the sting area should be avoided, as well as the application of local heat.

How are systemic sting reactions treated?

In addition to general measures, such as removing the stinger (if any) and washing the sting site, the most effective measure to control and stop the progress of a severe allergic reaction to bee and wasp venom is the use of adrenaline. It is for this reason that every allergic patient should have an “emergency kit”. These kits must contain at least 2 adrenaline auto-injectors, antihistamines and oral corticosteroids.

In case of doubt, if a patient allergic to bee or wasp venom is stung, they should use the adrenaline autoinjector. The side effects produced by adrenaline are minimal, while the benefits are maximum. Adrenaline auto-injectors can save lives.

How can I prevent bee and wasp stings?

The best measure to avoid bee and wasp stings is to stay away from their nests. As we have mentioned before, these insects bite in most cases because they feel threatened and the sting is nothing more than a defence mechanism.

Most of the stings occur in the months of April to October. These are the months in which these insects increase their activity. Both bees and wasps are attracted to bright colours, floral fragrances, water surfaces, and fresh foods. Therefore, if we go out into the countryside in these months, we should avoid wearing bright colours, using colognes or fruity perfumes, not leaving sugary drinks such as juices or soft drinks exposed, avoiding riverbanks and dodge the fields with abundant flowers. If despite all these recommendations we are in close contact with a bee or wasp, we should not make sudden or rapid movements, nor should we try to kill the insect (especially if it is resting on any part of our body). The insect will most likely walk away on its own without causing any harm.

At ClinicAL ​​we hope to have provided information on the reactions caused by bee and wasp stings that are quite frequent in these months

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Dr Federico de la Roca
Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Allergy to the sun

Allergy to the sun 1920 1280 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

In summer, or even in spring, they consult us about “sun allergy” symptoms. In general, these are patients who, after being exposed to the sun for a couple of hours, have presented itchy skin and skin lesions that they describe as “rash or rash”.

Can the sun cause “allergy”?

Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight is one of the main environmental factors affecting human health. The most frequent reactions produced by sun exposure are sunburn and tanning. If exposure is repeated, chronic skin changes occur that can trigger cancer and photoaging. But solar radiation can also alter the immune system leading to an abnormal skin reaction after sun exposure. These abnormal reactions are known as “photodermatosis” and usually include those skin lesions that patients known as sun allergy.

What is photodermatosis?

As mentioned before, photodermatosis is an abnormal skin response caused, triggered or aggravated by exposure to radiation emitted by the sun. The clinical manifestations are very varied and range from itching, to skin lesions such as hives, exanthema (redness), eczema or even scabs.

Which are the most frequent photodermatoses?

The most frequent photodermatoses secondary to the interaction between solar radiation and the immune system are polymorphic light eruption, solar urticaria and chronic actinic dermatitis. Each of these manifests itself in a different way, but in some cases, especially those with many years of evolution, the skin lesions can overlap, generating confusion when establishing the diagnosis. It is important to remember that solar radiation can also worsen atopic dermatitis.

What is the Polymorphic Light Eruption?

It is the most common photodermatosis in our setting, being the adult population the most affected. Young women, especially those between the second and third decades of life, are the ones who present the most.

Polymorphic light eruption is the skin reaction that most patients describe as “sun allergy”. This is because symptoms can occur within a few hours of receiving sunlight and usually start with itchy skin that is then accompanied by papules, vesicles, eczema, plaques, erosions and scabs. It is because of these different forms of skin lesions that it is called “polymorphic eruption”. The face, neck, upper thorax, forearms and legs may be affected.

The main cause is sun exposure, it usually appears at the end of spring and improves as the summer progresses. This improvement is due to the fact that repeated exposure to the sun facilitates a phenomenon  called “hardening”. This phenomenon is a process of photoadaptation that the skin develops as sun exposure increases progressively, creating “resistance” or solar tolerance.

What is Solar Urticaria?

As in polymorphic light eruption, it is a common photodermatosis in young adults (especially between 20 and 30 years of age) and in females. Despite its “popularity” among reactions due to the sun, solar urticaria is a rare condition. It only represents 0.4% of all cases of urticaria.

Solar urticaria is characterized by skin itching accompanied by habonous lesions (wheals/hives). Syntomas usually starts very quickly after sun exposure. At first it is only itching and erythema (redness), but as time progresses, hives appear. The condition usually resolves spontaneously within 24 hours, without scarring.

The most affected sites are those known as “photoexposed areas” which include neck, arms and forearms. As also happens with polymorphic light eruption, in solar urticaria, repeated exposure to the sun facilitates the “hardening” of the skin, which is why the face and the back of the hands may not present lesions despite being areas more commonly exposed to sunlight. When large areas of the body are affected, the skin condition may be accompanied by headache, malaise, nausea, and cardiovascular symptoms, such as tachycardia, hypotension, and even shock.

What is Chronic Actinic Dermatitis?

It is the photodermatosis with the largest worldwide distribution, being more frequent in temperate regions and in men over 50 years. They are usually patients with a history of significant sun exposure.

Lesions appear on exposed skin areas with sharply separating cut lines where clothing protection begins. They are patchy lesions that appear in the form of eczema. In severe cases, lesions may become lichenified. When the condition is very intense, it can affect the palms and soles, there are even patients who can lose the hair of the eyelashes, eyebrows and scalp, generally secondary to scratching.

It is common to worsen in the summer, developing lesions within minutes or hours after exposure to the sun which, occasionally, may recur after several days, if exposure stops and the reaction is mild. In severe forms the patient may have lesions throughout the year.

How can photodermatoses be prevented?

The best prevention is adequate photoprotection. For this we must avoid direct sun exposure, wear clothing that covers the most photoexposed areas and apply sunscreens (UVA and UVB).

Is there a specific treatment for photodermatoses?

Currently there are many treatments for the control of photodermatoses. These range from antihistamines, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and even ultraviolet radiation. Treatment must be individualized since, as we saw earlier, the clinical manifestations are diverse and can occur at different stages of the disease.

At ClinicAL ​​we hope to have provided information on the most frequent skin reactions caused by sun exposure, which are so frequent in these months.

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Dr Federico de la Roca
Especialista en Alergología.
ClinicAL

  • Jaritzy Negrín González
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Allergic asthma

Allergic asthma 1920 1280 Jaritzy Negrín González

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes variable airflow obstruction.

How does inflammation occur?

Once we inhale the allergen (dust mites, pollen, animal dander, etc.) and it comes into contact with the bronchial mucosa, a process begins in which different cells and inflammatory mediators intervene. Genetic factors have also been shown to influence the inflammatory process.

If the bronchial mucosa becomes inflamed, the diameter of the airway decreases and symptoms occur.

What are the symptoms?

-Shortness of breath (dyspnea).

-Wheezing.

-Tightness in the chest.

-Cough.

Each person manifests these symptoms with varying frequency and intensity, depending on the causal allergen. For example, a person with allergic asthma caused by the pollen of “plátano de sombra” will have symptoms only at the time of pollination, approximately 2-3 weeks between the months of March and April; while a person who has allergic asthma from cats and lives with a cat will have symptoms continuously on a daily basis because of constant exposure.

Is there a treatment?

Yes, bronchial inhalers are indicated to treat inflammation, including inhaled corticosteroids, inhaled corticosteroids in combination with long-acting B2 agonists, short-acting B2 agonists and oral corticosteroids, among others. It all depends on the severity of each case.

Another treatment available is specific immunotherapy (“allergy shots”), once an allergological study has been carried out to determine the cause of the allergic asthma.

It is also important, if possible, to avoid the causative allergen.

What can you do if you have these symptoms?

We recommend that you see an allergy specialist for medical evaluation and testing as appropriate.

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Dra Jaritzy Negrín González
Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

  • Jaritzy Negrín González
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Allergy to pine pollen and pine processionary caterpilar

Allergy to pine pollen and pine processionary caterpilar 1920 1280 Jaritzy Negrín González

Allergy to pine pollen is not common. It can become relevant in areas with high concentrations, for example in the Basque Country and Galicia.

Symptoms can be nasal, ocular or bronchial. Generally, the patient is monosensitive, that is, he has no allergy to other pollens.

What is the pine processionary caterpillar?

The processionary caterpillar is an insect that lives in pine trees and has 4 stages of development: moth, egg, larva and chrysalis. It receives the name of processionary because they parade as in a procession.

In their larval phase they have microscopic hairs whose function is to defend against possible predators. In the mature phase, after leaving the pine trees, the caterpillar can releases up to more than 1 million of these hairs

What are the symptoms produced by the pine processionary caterpillar?

More frequently, it causes itching and skin lesions in exposed areas (arms, legs and face) due to the penetration of the hairs. In children, injuries to the palms of the hands are typical because they try to catch the caterpillars.

Injuries can be:

-Dermatitis with scratching lesions and eczema.

-Contact urticaria which may be associated with angioedema of the eyelids.

-Less frequently, lesions such as vesicles or pustules.

It can also produce ocular symptoms such as conjunctivitis or keratitis.

Respiratory symptoms are less frequent, which can be associated with anaphylaxis.

Why do the symptoms occur?

The mechanism involved in the production of this reaction is usually mechanical or irritative, although it is sometimes produced by an IgE-mediated mechanism.

Who can affect?

It can produce symptoms in anyone who has been exposed to pine forest areas.

It has also been described as an occupational disease in resin collectors, lumberjacks, farmers or ranchers, due to their high exposure to caterpillars.

How can symptoms be treated?

If you present the symptoms described, you should request an assessment by your allergy specialist and the case will be evaluated.

Treatment is symptomatic according to the clinical picture: oral antihistamines, topical or oral corticosteroids. And in severe cases (anaphylaxis) it will be necessary to use adrenaline.

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Dr Jaritzy Negrín González
Especialista en Alergología.
ClinicAL

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Nut allergy

Nut allergy 1920 1275 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

Nuts are, with fruits, the first cause of food allergy in adults and one of the first causes in children.

What are Nuts?

Nuts belong to different and unrelated botanical families. Most are fruits (almond, hazelnut, walnut, pistachio, chestnut and macadamia nut), some are seeds (sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds and pine nut) and in recent years, Brazil nut and cashew, both considered fruits, have been included in our diet.

Nuts have a high nutritional power and are very important in the diet. They are consumed directly in dried form or as part of bakery and pastry products, in ice cream, in sauces or oils.

What are the nuts that produce the most allergy?

Unlike what is popularly thought, the repeated consumption of a food increases the risk of developing allergy to that food, it is for this reason that the nuts that produce the most allergy are the most consumed. In our midst, hazelnut, walnut and almond are the nuts that most often cause allergic reactions.

Why are they a major cause of food allergy?

Nuts are important in the field of allergy for several reasons, including:

a) they are one of the main causes of allergic reactions to food,

b) They frequently produce severe reactions, which can be life-threatening

c) It is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis

d) They are hidden allergens and small amounts can produce serious reactions and

e) They are a frequent cause of cross-reactivity with other nuts or with other plant foods.

Who is responsible for nut allergy?

Foods are made up of a diversity of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. It is the latter, proteins, that have the ability to develop reactions in allergic people. In the case of nuts there are 2 main groups of proteins, storage proteins and lipid transfer proteins (LTP). LTP’s are the proteins that are most often related to severe reactions in the Mediterranean area.

What about peanuts?

Peanuts, although consumed as a nut, belongs to the legume family. Legumes are plants characterized by the fact that their fruits are enclosed in pods.

Peanut allergy is a real public health problem in Anglo-Saxon countries due to its high consumption. It is estimated that in these countries 50% of peanut allergy reactions are severe, associating respiratory distress, arterial hypotension, and in some cases death. In our environment the consumption of peanuts is increasing day by day, so in the coming years it is expected that cases of peanut allergy will also increase.

Unlike other foods, in which the increase in temperature during cooking degrades the proteins responsible for allergic reactions, in the case of peanuts it has been proven that heat increases the ability to develop allergic reactions, that is, once roasted, the peanut becomes more “allergenic” and increases its resistance to gastric digestion processes.

What symptoms does nut allergy produce?

Symptoms can vary from individual to individual, as well as their severity and intensity. Some allergy patientes may have itching in the oral cavity, tongue, and lips (oral allergy syndrome). In addition to itching, the presence of lip edema, lip and cheek erythema is common. The itching can spread to the ear canals and throat. In general, these symptoms appear when the oral mucosa comes into contact with the nut.

Sometimes oral symptoms may be followed by skin manifestations with the presence of redness, itching and hives (urticaria). Digestive tract involvement can present as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. The airway could also be compromised producing cough, tightness of the chest, choking and wheezing. Finally, when the reaction is severe, it can alter blood pressure, producing a rapid drop in blood pressure (anaphylactic shock) that is usually accompanied by generalized paleness and cold sweating. Some allergy patients may also have rhinoconjunctival symptoms, such as sneezing, mucus, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and watery eyes.

Symptoms can develop minutes after ingesting the nut, or take a few hours. The symptoms that appear immediately, before 15 minutes of ingestion of the food, are usually of mild intensity and disappear within a few minutes of its onset (oral allergy syndrome). The progress of oral symptoms with involvement of the skin, digestive and respiratory system are signs of poor prognosis, since in the case of serious reactions that affect more than one system (anaphylaxis) their resolution requires emergency medical attention. In general, most reactions due to allergy to nuts occur in the first 60 minutes after ingestion of the food, although there are cases in which the reactions have occurred 3-4 hours later.

Who can have more severe reactions?

Patients with multiple food allergies are considered to have a higher risk of more severe reactions than those with only a certain food allergy. In the Anglo-Saxon population, peanut allergy is considered a risk factor for developing serious or fatal reactions, being one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis.

Severe reactions to nuts are more frequent in asthmatics, with previous episodes of severe reactions and in those who have had reactions with minimal amounts of nuts (traces).

As with other food allergies, the severity of nut allergy reactions can be influenced by cofactors such as sleep deprivation, physical exercise, menstruation, or the concomitant use of alcohol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). All of these cofactors increase the risk of serious reactions.

Are there differences between children and adults?

Allergy to a single nut is more common in children of younger age, while adult patients have allergy to multiple nuts. It is believed that these differences are due to the fact that, during growth and development, from childhood to adult life, there is a progressive exposure to these foods, this repeated exposure being responsible for the development of new allergies.

How is nut allergy diagnosed?

The medical history plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis of food allergy. A detailed clinical history can exclude multiple causes of allergic reactions, thus allowing all efforts to be concentrated on those most suspicious agents.

Skin tests (prick test) with suspicious foods is the first step in the allergy study, but it must be remembered that a positive result only indicates “sensitization” and not necessarily allergy. This is followed by the detection of specific antibodies in the blood. Currently, it is possible to detect specific antibodies for the main proteins responsible for allergic reactions (molecular diagnosis).

In some cases it is necessary to do skin tests with fresh food (prick by prick). This technique is used in situations when skin tests and antibody detection are not available for the suspect food or when there are divergences between the tests results.

Finally, an oral challenge test may be performed to confirm or rule out allergy to the suspected nut. This test carries risks, so it is performed only in some cases, in a controlled environment, in a hospital facility and always under the supervision of an allergy specialist..

Is there any treatment?

As with other types of food allergy, the only treatment currently available is strict avoidance of the food involved. Therefore, the first recommendation involves eliminating implicated nut rom the diet.

Allergic reactions to nuts are treated like any allergic reaction. The use of adrenaline can save lives in cases of severe reactions. If the patient has suffered a severe reaction to nuts or there is a risk of accidental ingestion, it is advisable to have self-injectable adrenaline devices.

In recent years, “vaccines” have been tested to treat peanut and hazelnut allergy. These “vaccines” have managed to significantly increase the amount of nuts that allergy patients can tolerate, thus reducing the risk of severe allergic reactions caused by ingestion. At the moment it is a line of treatment that is under investigation and that is not yet commercialized.

Programs are also being developed using monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies. These antibodies can modify the immune system and create tolerance to foods that were previously allergic to. At the moment this treatment is limited to children and adolescents with severe food reactions, which are life-threatening.

Can nut allergy be prevented?

At the moment there is no measure to prevent the development of food allergies, but there are measures to avoid the accidental consumption of certain potentially allergenic foods. For some years now, all foods containing peanuts and nuts that are marketed in the European area must specify this on the label. This rule applies both to packaged foods, as well as to those presented unpackaged, as well as to foods prepared for immediate consumption (restaurant menu).

What about nut-free diets?

In the past, it was proposed, as a measure to avoid future allergy in children, the elimination by the mother of foods considered to be more allergenic (milk, egg, nuts) during the third trimester of gestation and during breastfeeding, as well as the delay in the introduction of high-risk foods into the child’s diet. The current international consensus does not recommend these measures, since it has not shown any effect on the prevention of allergic diseases, while it can lead to a nutritional deficit for mother and child.

One last recommendation?

Patients allergic to peanuts must take special care in reading the labels of manufactured products, since it is one of the legumes (along with soy) that are most commonly found as part of additives from other foods (hidden allergens).

We must take into account the widespread use of nuts in sauces, ice cream, pastries or oils, which can be sources of hidden allergens causing accidental reactions.

Minimal amounts (traces) can be tolerated by most people allergic to nuts, but there is a small group of allergy patientes who may have allergic reactions with these amounts; so the recommendations about the consumption or avoidance of traces must be individualized for each case.

Do you have any doubt? Contact with us

Dr Federico de la Roca Pinzón

Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

  • Federico de la Roca Pinzón
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Autumn allergies: molds

Autumn allergies: molds 1920 1280 Federico de la Roca Pinzón

Molds are microorganisms invisible to the human eye, but their accumulation in the form of colonies makes them visible as moisture stains on walls or in the moldy appearance in colonized food.

Molds alone does not induce allergy symptoms, they require spores to reach the mucous membranes of allergic patients. Spores are the reproductive particles of molds, but due to their small size they can travel through the atmosphere until they are deposited in the airway. It is for this reason that patients with mold allergy worsen storm days since it is the wind currents that facilitate the movement of spores in the atmosphere.

There are several factors that condition the growth of molds such as humidity, temperature, nutrients, light, oxygenation, geography, etc. Humidity, which is the amount of water present in the air, is the main factor for the development of molds. It is estimated that from 70% humidity an environment conducive to the growth of molds is created. Due to the close relationship between molds and moisture, sometimes both terms are mixed generating confusion.

Therefore, humidity or what is the same, the water of the environment does not produce allergy symptoms, it is the molds and specifically the spores of these that are responsible for the allergic disease.

Temperature is also important for mold growth. In general, they prefer warm temperatures, which is why molds develop best in spring though autumn. Rain influences spore concentrations, this is because the vibration generated by the impact of the drops on colonized surfaces releases spores. Warm temperatures and rain are two elements very present in late summer and early autumn. In these months is when the largest number of spores in the atmosphere is recorded.

Molds get their nutrients from any organic compound, mainly those of plant origin. The main sources of spores that are released into the atmosphere come from decaying leaves, grass fields, hay  and grain storage.

What molds cause allergic diseases?

Among the molds that are most frequently associated with allergic diseases are Alternaria,  Cladosporium,  Penicilium,  Aspergillus  and  Candida species.

Alternaria is a very ubiquitous and universally distributed mold. It is also one of the molds with the greatest capacity to induce allergy symptoms. Patients allergic to  Alternaria  are at increased risk of asthma, severe asthma, and even fatal asthma. It has been observed that exposure to this mold is closely related to an increase in visits to emergency services for asthma, especially in the pediatric population.  Alternaria spores can be found practically all year round, with maximum exposures in hot months. In Catalonia the highest concentration of spores is detected in the months of April to November.

Aspergillus is the second most important mold to produce allergy symptoms after  Alternaria.  It is also very distributed and its presence is almost constant in the atmosphere. It has great  resistance to extreme temperatures, being able to develop at temperatures between 12 to 52ºC (being the optimal 40ºC). It even resists pasteurization.

Cladosporium is not as aggressive as  Alternaria  or  Aspergillus. There is not always direct relationship between spore counts and the presence of symptoms. The concentration of spores in indoor environments is a reflection of their high presence outside. Together with  Alternaria  they are the most responsible for allergy symptoms at home. It is the dominant species in dry inland Spain, although to a lesser extent than in the Mediterranean area.

Penicilium is widely distributed and its function is to contribute to the decomposition of organic matter. It predominates in temperate climates, forests, meadows and on the surface of crops. Seasonal variations do not seem to influence spore count, but spore peaks usually occur in spring and autumn months, especially in urban areas. Its growth temperature is 23ºC.

Due to the abundant amount of nutrients, environmental factors, ideal temperatures and ease of condensation, molds usually predominate in outdoor environments. Although mold spores can be found inside the house most of the spores come from the outside.

Molds inside home

In enclosed spaces the factors that contribute the most to growth of molds are humidity, lack of ventilation and darkness. Humidity above 65% facilitates the growth of molds inside homes. In winter, warm air condenses on cooler surfaces, producing moist areas. On the contrary, in summer, poorly ventilated basements without direct sunlight are relatively cool compared to the outside air thus facilitating condensation.

The condensation of water inside the houses facilitates the growth of molds, which is why it is very common to find them in areas where the wall-ceiling and the floor meet, in the corners of the rooms, areas near the windows where cold air circulates, in airtight windows with rubber bands and behind the furniture. Other sites where molds can grow inside homes are wet textile materials, wood, stored food, and drainage pipes.

The spores are usually found as part of the household dust present in carpets, bedding, furniture or wallpaper. In low humidity conditions the spores do not have the ability to induce allergy symptoms, this is because the spore load is very low in the air. If humidity increases the number of spores, it also increases the presence of spores in the environment, thus generating symptoms in those allergic patients.

The most frequent places where we can find mold spores in indoor environments are second homes (closed for much of the year), basements, storage rooms with humidity, poorly ventilated bathrooms or in houses with wallpaper on their walls.

While outside the presence of spores and therefore the involvement of allergic patients is greater from spring to autumn, spores inside homes can cause symptoms throughout the year. It is considered that the amount of spores inside homes is directly related to the severity of symptoms regardless of the season of the year. Studies have also shown that the simple observation of damp spots or musty smell is related to symptoms of rhinitis and asthma.

Although molds are microscopic and can only be observed when they form colonies, it is possible to identify the species according to certain characteristics they present on the surface they colonize. Alternaria  can be identified as black spots on diseased or dead plants. Penicilium  is visible as bluish-green colonies on stale bread or decaying citrus fruits.

How to avoid molds?

It is impossible to completely eliminate spores from home, but there are simple measures that can help lower their levels such as ventilating rooms, reduce humidity and increase sun exposure. It is preferable to use outside air to ventilate homes. The outside air equalizes the temperature between the house and the external environment avoiding the formation of condensations. The use of air conditioning reduces humidity substantially, as well as dehumidifiers, but these must be cleaned frequently to prevent the growth of molds inside. Sun exposure also reduces the formation of colonies as it dries out surfaces making it difficult for molds to survive. In very humid houses it is recommended to use air extractors when cooking, avoid the placement of carpets  and ventilate the bathrooms properly.

Other less economical measures, but also useful, are the installation of windows with thermo-paneled glass that prevent condensation.  Using insulating building materials that prevent condensation on cold surfaces (windows, exterior walls, water pipes, ceilings or floors) is usually an effective measure.

If, despite all the preventive measures, moisture stains are detected, they have to be cleaned and the source of moisture removed. For this purpose you can use water and detergents followed by thorough drying. Bleach removes molds effectively. Alcohol can also be used to eliminate colonies.

Which patients are allergic to molds?

It is estimated that up to 10% of the general population has positive tests for molds and of these, about half will develop respiratory allergy.   The pediatric population and young adults appear to be the most frequently exhibited these positive tests. Some studies have shown that children who live in damp homes have an increased risk of developing respiratory allergies, especially asthma. In allergic patients to molds with asthma  this is usually more severe compared to those with allergy to other allergens (pollens, mites, etc.).

It has also been observed that climate change influences patients with mold allergy. There are studies that have shown a strong association between emergency room visits for asthma attacks due to the increase in mold spores triggered by thunderstorms. Other publications correlate the high concentrations of  Alternaria  and  Cladosporium spores found on stormy days with the rate of admission to the emergency room for asthma. The mechanism by which storms increase exposure to spores is the strength of wind, electric discharges and rain, all contributing to the fragmentation of spores thus facilitating the release of their allergens and their atmospheric transport.

Dr. Federico de la Roca Pinzón
Allergy Specialist
ClinicAL

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